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Pierścieniowy zegar słoneczny

Pierścieniowy zegar słoneczny

Pierścieniowy zegar słoneczny

Dalekim pierwowzorem pierścieniowego zegara słonecznego jest sfera armilarna, którą przedstawia poniższy rysunek.


 

Wynaleziona przez Eratostenesa w 255 r.p.n.e. Składała się z kilku metalowych lub drewnianych obręczy. Przyrząd obrazował równik, południki, zwrotniki i ekliptykę, co pozwalało na dokonywanie prostych pomiarów astronomicznych. W środku sfery armilarnej umieszczona początkowo była Ziemia, potem Słońce.

Na podstawie tego instrumentu w 1557 roku skonstruowany został tzw. pierścień astronomiczny, który pozwalał na prowadzenie obserwacji astronomicznych wliczając w to pomiar czasu. Autorem tego wynalazku był Gemma Frisius, który wyglądał mniej więcej tak:



Opierając się na tym wynalazku William Oughtred stworzył właśnie pierścieniowy zegar słoneczny.

Zegar ten był najprostszym modelem sfery niebieskiej. Jego budowa opiera się na dwóch pierścieniach, z których zewnętrzny jest większy a wewnętrzny jest mniejszy. Większy w momencie odczytywania godziny wskazywać powinien południk lokalny, mniejszy powinien znajdywać się na płaszczyźnie równika, czyli powinny przecinać się pod kątem prostym. Oba pierścienie są ruchome; mogą poruszać się po tej samej osi. Zegar nieużywany może zostać złożony i wtedy nie zajmuje wiele miejsca, ponieważ jest płaski - oba pierścienie znajdują się wtedy w tej samej płaszczyźnie.

Zewnętrzny pierścień musi mieć wyrytą skalę i ruchomy suwak, który umożliwia ustalenie położenia obserwatora pod kątem szerokości geograficznej. Zegar jest więc uniwersalny, ponieważ można go używać na różnych szerokościach geograficznych.

Mniejszy pierścień był także wyposażony w mostek z suwakiem. Na suwaku znajdował się gnomon otworkowy, czyli otwór, przez który wpadało światło słoneczne. Gnomon był ruchomy - można dzięki temu było w zależności od pory roku ustawiać go wyżej lub niżej (wyżej - latem, niżej - zimą). Odpowiednie ustawianie gnomonu nie było trudne, ponieważ na mostku grawerowano nazwy miesięcy.